According to predictions in the literature, sock price of firms with greater product market power is less sensitive to order flows which results in greater stock liquidity. This prediction was examined in a sample of 75 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during 1388 to 1391 using three illiquidity measures (Amihud Ratio, Quoted Spread, Effective Spread) and two proxies for market power. The results of panel regressions showed that stock liquidity increases with market share (the first proxy of market power). Findings also showed the relationship between operational income ratio (second proxy of market power) and stock liquidity is not meaningful and consistent with theory. It seems that the reputation of firms in product market (respect to market share) results in higher stock market liquidity than their profitability. Other results confirmed that advertising in product market doesn’t influence stock market liquidity, directly.

Introduction: Clinical use of the late responses during routine neurophysiological examination has significantly increased the diagnostic yield of the neurophysiological evaluation. The H max to M max ratio (H/M ratio) is considered a suitable index for illustrating the level of reflex excitability of the motor pool.Methods: In this study posterior tibial nerve H/M ratio changes in cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) evaluated. This investigation was carried out in 22 normal subjects aged 40-65 years with mean 52 years, and in 40 patients with CVA aged 42-63 years with mean 57 years.Results: In normal subjects no significant differences were found between the mean values observed between right and left sides. In patients significant increased H/M ratios in both sides with more in non-plegic leg (P<0.01) were found. The facilitation of Babinsky sign in patients is significantly associated with low H/M ratios (P=0.003). The H/M ratio changes were not significantly associated with severity of hemiplegia (P=0.3 for lower extremities, P=0.9 for upper extremities). The H/M ratio was increased in ischemic lesions (P<0.01), but in intracerebral hemorrhages the soleus H/M ratio increases in non-plegic side the same as the plegic side.Conclusion: The posterior tibial nerve H/M ratios are increased in CVA bilaterally due to decreased presynaptic inhibition Ia terminals, thus amplitude of H reflexes increased without increased amplitude of M response.

The method of selection of the study design decides the type of analysis 10 be used. Case-Control studies assess the causes of a particular outcome, comparing a group of individuals who have experienced the outcome under study with a group who have net.Results appear as a two by two table. As these two groups are sampled separately, the rate of the disease in the exposed or unexposed groups can not be calculated. However, the Odds Ratio can be obtained. The Odds Ratio is sometimes referred to as the cross product ratio.                        Cases                            Controls Exposed            a                                  b Unexposed         c                                  d Odds Ratio (a/b)I (c/d) = ad/bc

This study examines the effect of the probability of informed trading on the stock liquidity. The methodology relies on linear regressions using the method of ordinary least square is used for a sample of manufacturing companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period 2012-2016. We use five measures of stock liquidity that include Turnover Ratio measure, Amihud illiquidity measure, Bid-Ask spread measure, Free Floating ratio measure, Liquidity Index. As for information asymmetry between informed and uninformed traders, we utilize the variable Probability of informed trading (PIN). The results of the regression analysis indicate that Probability of informed trading has a positive and significant effect on the Turnover Ratio measure and Amihud illiquidity measure, but Probability of informed trading has no significant effect on the Bid-Ask spread measure, Free Floating ratio measure and Liquidity Index, suggesting that stocks with higher probabilities of information-based trading, PIN, have higher Turnover Ratio and Amihud illiquidity measure. These results highlight the informed trader’s role in defining the level of liquidity on the Tehran Stock Exchange. This paper provides novel evidence on the influence of Probability of informed trading (PIN) on stock liquidity in an emerging market context.

The main purpose of this study is to test the impact of accounting comparability on stock liquidity and firm value. This study uses panel data analysis to test hypotheses for a sample of 108 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2016-2020. Our empirical results show a positive relationship between accounting comparability with free float ratio and stock turnover ratio. But there is no significant relationship between accounting comparability and the Amihud ratio. The interpretation of this result can be attributed to how the Amihud ratio is calculated. Based on the constraints imposed on the Iranian capital market, the daily return in calculating the Amihud ratio has a certain fluctuation range and is not able to reflect all the dimensions of the market. In addition, our results document a positive relation between accounting comparability and firm value. Finally, accounting comparability does not moderate the association between stock liquidity and firm value. In addition, the cost of capital (CoC) intensifies the relationship between accounting comparability and firm value. We interpret these results as accounting comparability improves transparency, and reduces information asymmetry. These results also show that the capital market is incomplete.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between stock liquidity and dividend income during recession and prosperity in companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange. Statistical sample of 109 companies accepted in the capital market, whose information was available for the period 2012 to 2017, were selected by systematic exclusion method. The research carried out in terms of the target type is a part of applied research and the research method is correlated in terms of content and content. For analyzing the hypotheses, panel analysis has been used. Research findings show that there is a positive and significant relationship between stock liquidity and dividend income. There is also a positive and significant relationship between stock liquidity and dividend profits during the boom period. While there was no significant relationship between stock liquidity and dividend during the recession period.

Introduction: Adenoid hypertrophy is one of the main common causes of eustachian tube dysfunction and otitis media with effusion. A group of otolaryngologists and pediatrics believe that it is not possible to estimate adenoid size in order to do Adenoidectomy only with clinical evaluation and there is no any acceptable result to show how many patients with OME were satisfied after adenoidectomy. The aim of this study is to determine ratio between adenoid and nasopharynx in children with adenoid hypertrophy and OME then determine the number of children who will be satisfy after adenoidectomy.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 50 patients who had OME and adenoid hypertrophy and came to ENT department of Imam Reza Hospital. The standard lateral neck view for the patients was done and sizes were calculated on lateral neck graphy. The A/N degree ratio which estimated was compared with the A/N degree ratio in normal children in the same ages from the other studies and the efficacy of adenoid size on obstructive manifestations was considered.Results: 6 of 50 patients were between 4-6, 37 of them between 6-8 and, 7 of them between 8-10 years old. A/N ratio on different age groups in OME patients in comparison with normal people has no significant differences (P=0.43). 16(%32) patients did not have any obstructive signs and 54(%44) had obstructive signs and mean ratio A/N was 0.44 and 0.49 respectively. This study shows in patients with OME, mean ratio A/N in a group with adenoid hypertrophy is higher than those in asymptomatic group (P<0.001).Conclusions: This study shows in patients with OME and obstructive signs, adenoidectomy can be effective for the treatment of obstructive signs, but in patients with adenoid hypertrophy without obstructive signs, adenoidectomy would not be beneficial.

The main objective of this study is investigating the survey of relevance of momentum and liquidity market state on short-term (6 and 12 months), medium- term (24 months) and long- term (60 months). Statistical sample is 270 firms that accepted during years 82- 85 in Tehran Stock Exchange and they are still working till end of Year 91. Hypothesis test results showed that liquidity market state as a factor for Separation of markets effects on excess returns in different period of times. So that the Momentum in Sets companies with high liquidity in 6 months formation and 6 & 12 months holding periods were positive and Momentum in Sets companies with low liquidity in 24 & 60 months holding periods were negative. Also, there is no significant difference between the profitability of momentum strategy in Sets companies with high and low liquidity.

Introduction: Left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) determination is a key step in predicting prognosis and making an appropriate therapeutic strategy, especially in patients with heart failure. Left cardiac catheterization allows an accurate and direct evaluation of some hemodynamic variables that estimate LVFP. But, since this method is not completely free from complications, several different methods, especially echocardiographic, were used in order to non invasively evaluate LVFP. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of E/E’ ratio in non-invasive prediction of LVFP in patients with different EF. Materials and Methods: In this study, LVEDP was measured in cardiac catheterization for 50 patients with sinus rhythm under left ventricular catheterization. Also, the mean E/E’ ratio (early diastolic mitral inflow velocity to annular velocity) was measured by Doppler echocardiography in all patients. At the end, the relationship between echocardiographic measurements and cardiac catheterization measuring LVEDP was evaluated. Results: The mean age of patients was 57. 71 ± 11. 72 years and 37 (61. 7%) were male. The mean E/E’ ratio was 11. 06 ± 4. 17 cm/s and the mean LVEDP was 12. 9 ± 3. 96 mm Hg. The Pearson correlation between E/E' ratio and LVEDP was 0. 717 (p <0. 001). Based on different EF values, the strongest correlation between E/E' and LVEDP was observed in the patients with EF <35 and >55%, and the weakest correlation in the EF=35-44. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the evaluation of left ventricular filling pressure using a non-invasive calculation of E/E’ ratio in echocardiography has high accuracy and can replaced and used instead of invasive methods.